# Getting Started Programming Julia

To get us started with Julia we cover three basics. Arithmetic operators, name assignment.

## Arithmetic operators

The standard arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), power (^) and remainder (%). They work as expected and the only one that is different for the Python crowd is power. That one is Matlab consistent. The normal precedence of operations applies. First power. Then multiplication and division. Then remainder. Finally addition and subtraction. Parentheses can be used to change the order of operation.

1 + 3 * 2
# 7
(1 + 3) * 2
# 8
2 * 3 ^ 2
# 18


In those examples, both sides of the operator are scalars. It gets a little more interesting when at least one of them is a vector or a matrix. Not all of the above operations are defined between vectors and scalars. Only division and multiplication are defined. We create a vector using square brackets ([]) with the elements separated by commas.

[3, 1, 4] * 2
# 3-element Array{Int64,1}:
#  6
#  2
#  8

[3, 1, 4] / 2
# 3-element Array{Float64,1}:
# 1.5
# 0.5
# 2.0


The other operations are not defined and throw an error.

[3, 1, 4] ^ 2
"""
MethodError: no method matching ^(::Array{Int64,1}, ::Int64)
Closest candidates are:
^(!Matched::Float16, ::Integer) at math.jl:885
^(!Matched::Regex, ::Integer) at regex.jl:712
^(!Matched::Missing, ::Integer) at missing.jl:155
...

Stacktrace:
[1] macro expansion at .\none:0 [inlined]
[2] literal_pow(::typeof(^), ::Array{Int64,1}, ::Val{2}) at .\none:0
[3] top-level scope at In[52]:1
"""


The reasons for this design choice have to do with Julias focus on linear algebra and are not important here. If we want this operation to work in an element-wise manner, we have to force it explicitly. We can do so using the dot (.). This way we can explicitly force every operator to be applied element-wise.

[3, 1, 4] .^ 2
# 3-element Array{Int64,1}:
#  9
#  1
# 16
[3, 1, 4] .+ 2
# 3-element Array{Int64,1}:
#  5
#  3
#  6


Now that we have our arithmetic operators, let’s move on to name assignment so we can store the results of our operations.

## Name Assignment

We assign names to values with the = operator using the syntax name = value. Once a name is assigned, we can use the name instead of the value in operations.

result_one = 2 + 2
result_two = result_one + 3
# 7


Once a name is assigned to a value we can reassign that same name to a different value without problem.

result = 2 + 2
result = 10
# 10


If we want to assign a name that is not supposed to be reassigned, we can use the const keyword. If we try to reassign a constant name we get an error.

const a = 8.3144621
a = 3
"""
invalid redefinition of constant a

Stacktrace:
[1] top-level scope at In[73]:2
"""


There are a few rules about the names we can assign. Generally, Unicode characters (UTF-8) are allowed. This means we can do something like this.

δt = 0.0001


Here we are using the special character delta. If you want to quickly generate such a character, many Julia environments allow you to do this by typing \delta and hitting tab. I recommend using these sparingly, as they might confuse people transitioning from other languages that don’t allow unicode names. On the other hand they might be useful to make your code style more mathy. Not allowed as names are built-in keywords that have special meaning and trying to assign them will result in an error.

if = 3
# syntax: unexpected "="


If you are interested in more details about variables and name assignments you can take a look at the official documentation. In the next blog post we will take a look at the type system of Julia.

# Arithmetic Operations in NumPy

• NumPy arrays come with many useful methods
• All arithmetic operations that are used on arrays are performed element-wise
• NumPy code is almost always faster than native Python (.append is a notable exception)

NumPy arrays are so useful because they allow us to do math on them very efficiently. For example, NumPy arrays come with many useful methods. One such method is the sum method, which calculates the sum of all values in the array

import numpy as np
my_array = np.array([4, 3, 1])
my_array.sum()
8


There are many other methods like this and they are extremely useful. Here is a list of the most commonly used methods.

my_array = np.array([4, 3, 1])
my_array.sum()  # Calculate the sum array values
8
my_array.mean()  # Calculate the mean of array values
2.6666666666666665
my_array.std()  # Calculate the standard deviation of array values
1.247219128924647
my_array.max()  # Find the maximum value
4
my_array.min()  # Find the minimum value
1


To learn about all array methods you can call the dir() function on any array, which will list all its methods. Alternatively you can check out the documentation for the array https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html

Another useful property of arrays is that they do math when they appear together with any of the arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, **, //, %).

my_array = np.array([4, 3, 1])
my_array_plus = my_array + 2
my_array_plus
array([6, 5, 3])


Here, the array appeared together with a scalar value, the single number 2. That number was added to each value. However, we can do the same thing with two arrays, if the have the same shape.

array_one = np.array([4, 3, 1])
array_two = np.array([1, 2, 4])
array_plus_array = array_one + array_two
array_plus_array
array([5, 5, 5])


In this case, addition is again performed element-wise. Each element in array_one is added to a corresponding element in array_two. The fact that the array performs useful math in this context might seem unremarkable but remember how the native Python list behaves.

list_one = [4, 3, 1]
list_two = [1, 2, 4]
list_plus_list = list_one + list_two
list_plus_list
[3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4]
array_plus_array = np.array(list_one) + np.array(list_two)
array_plus_array
array([5, 5, 5])


If you are in full numerical computation mode this behavior of list might seem stupid to you. But remember: Python is a general purpose programming language and list is a general purpose container to store a sequence of objects. There could be anything in those lists and addition might not be a meaningful operation for those objects. This behavior always works, a list can be concatenated to another list regardless of the objects they store. That’s why we have NumPy. Python has to implement objects in a way that suits its general purpose. NumPy implements behavior in a way that we would expect while we do numerical stuff.

### A word on performance

This is one of the rare occasions where it is worthwhile to talk about performance. When you are getting started, I strongly recommend against thinking too much about performance. Write functioning code first, then worry about readability, maintainability, reproducibility etc. etc. and worry about performance last (trust me on this one). But some of you will be working with large amounts of data and you will be delighted to hear that NumPy is much faster than native Python.

my_array = np.random.rand(100000)  # A large array with 100000 elements
my_list = list(my_array)
timeit sum(my_list)
18.1 ms ± 801 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
timeit my_array.sum()
90.3 µs ± 6.86 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)


The native Python version of sum is orders of magnitude slower than the NumPy version. You might have noticed that I created a very large array to demonstrate this. Actually the performance difference will increase with increasing array size, you can verify this for yourself. The take home message here is that whenever you can replace native Python with NumPy, you gain performance. But don’t worry about optimizing your NumPy code. One exception is the .append method, but more on that later.

### Summary

We learned two essential things and one kind of interesting side-note. The first essential lesson is that arrays come with many methods that allow us to do useful math. We learned some of those methods and as you keep working with NumPy those will become second nature. The second thing we learned is that arithmetic operators are applied element-wise to arrays. This means that a scalar value is applied to each element in an array and whenever two arrays of the same shape appear together with an operator each element is applied to each corresponding element. We will learn the details of array shapes in the next blog post. Finally, we also learned that NumPy code is almost always much faster than native Python code. This is good to know. However, especially in the beginning you should focus on anything but performance.